Supplementary written evidence submitted
by Peter Stark and Christopher Gordon (arts 236)
1. THE CHALLENGE
TO ARTS
FUNDING FROM
THE CSR SETTLEMENT
FOR LOCAL
GOVERNMENT
The Arts Council's vision is for England as
"a world-leading creative and cultural nation". This
implies an acceptance of leadership responsibility for the arts
in all of the ways that they manifest themselves in society beyond
those that ACE funds directly, as well as some genuine comparative
international context.
Local Government provides more funding for the
arts and culture than ACE does (even setting aside the huge sums
of money involved in the arts within education) and provides the
bedrock of local provision for the full diversity of the voluntary
and amateur arts, access to the arts and culture for the most
disadvantaged and for local presentation and participation across
the country through arts centres, festivals, community buildings,
small grants programmes, museums and libraries.
In addition to this bed rock funding at ward
and neighbourhood and town and village level Local Government—particularly
the major cities including the London Boroughs—often provides
very substantial grant aid to major arts organisations in co-funding
agreements with ACE. Support of both kinds is discretionary (apart
from the library service) but it has—generally—been
maintained to date and often (particularly as a consequence of
new capital projects) increased.
Early evidence suggests that the scale of pressure
on Local Government finances within this CSR could have pushed
the debate at local level beyond a tipping point and we could
see very significant reductions in many cases and complete withdrawal
in others. Perversely, the government's ambitions for the Big
Society may have contributed to this and arts organisations will
be asked to seek resources from elsewhere—particularly from
Arts Council England.
The strategy to achieve Great Art for Everyone
does not seem to engage with this—potentially very major—issue
as centrally as its importance to the achievement of the vision
would suggest.
2. AN EQUITABLE
BASIS FOR
NATIONAL FUNDING
IN THE
ARTS AND
CULTURE BETWEEN
THE CAPITAL
CITY AND
THE MAJOR
"CITY CLUSTERS"
OUTSIDE IT
Recent research (summary attached) has used
newly available data for funding plans in 2011-12 to illustrate
the very major disparity between the funding available to the
arts and culture in London and in the major English City/Regions
beyond it. The disparity exists in absolute levels, in "funds
per head of population", in the arrangements for partnership
funding with local government and it applies to both National
Lottery and Treasury funds.
In 1982 the Policy Studies Institute study "A
Hard Fact to Swallow" found Arts Council expenditure in London
in 1980-81 to be £3.37 per head of population (php) against
£0.66 php (19.6% of London levels) in the rest of England.
After 30 years of steadily increasing public and Lottery funding
and rhetoric of regional development, the situation is actually
worse. For 2011-12 the comparator is estimated to be London £21.92
(php) against £3.44 php (15.7% of London levels).
If DCMS direct funding of the major Museums
and Galleries in London is added to ACE funding of its "front
line" organisations, the figures move to £70.36 php
to London against an average in the rest of the country of £4.31
php (6.1% of London levels). Moreover, the largest cultural organisations
outside London are expected to raise partnership funding from
their Local Authorities whereas none of the largest London organisations
seem to be required to do so.
The strategy to achieve "Great Art for
Everyone" within a decade does not identify or question these
disparities. It does not appear to acknowledge that the issue
continues to exist.
3. STRATEGIC ENGAGEMENT
WITH LOCAL
GOVERNMENT AND
OTHER FUNDING
PARTNERS
In 1986, there was such concern at the risk
to the arts and heritage on the abolition of the GLC and Metropolitan
Counties that Government was persuaded to make additional finance
available to protect them. A dedicated and senior team within
the arts funding system of the time worked almost exclusively
on this subject with "at risk" organisations and their
local authorities for up to a year.
The foregoing analysis would suggest that the
risks to the arts and cultural infrastructure nationally may be
greater in the current situation and yet the time (and senior
management resource) for respectful and authoritative engagement
with local authority funding partners does not appear to be available
within the intended process as described in the guidance notes
to applicants to the new National Portfolio Programme. The timetable
for Arts Council decision making on grants within the new programme
would suggest that Local Government will be presented with a fait
accompli at the end of March next year and that—before then—there
will be little or no scope for negotiation.
The same analysis of the above timetable also
appears to apply to engagement with the increasingly important
funding partners from the private sector and—for some—in
public sector broadcasting. There is also concern that the timetable
and process could halt some of the extremely constructive and
radical conversations that were beginning to take place between
arts organisations, including some that promised substantial cost
sharing and even suggested merger.
4. THE TIME
FRAME AND
THE PROCESS
ACE has adopted the 2008 recommendation it received
from Baroness Macintosh and offered any organisation 12 month's
notice of a change in its funding status. That recommendation,
made in a very different funding climate, produces the apparent
need for what may be seen as a "rush to judgement" on
applications to the new programme.
The new programme has been opened to new applicants.
Estimates obviously vary but an anticipated 1,500 applications
totalling circa £400 million is not an unreasonable assumption
(see next section on the future of Grants for the Arts). The process
suggests evaluation against the published criteria, against each
other and against a reduced budget (but still one of over £300,000,000)
in less than nine weeks. Concurrently Grants for the Arts applications
will continue to be processed (for which the system requires 12
weeks for a decision on awards of over only £8,000). The
process also uses a single application procedure to address requests
for, say, £40,000 per annum, from a small publisher and for
£29,000,000 from the Royal Opera House with strategic goals
at a level of generality that will be hard pressed to assist assessment.
It is difficult for outside observers to see
how this process can be fair, transparent and thorough.
5. ACHIEVING THE
PLANNING CERTAINTY
ASPIRED TO
The process aspires to give certainty of future
funding levels to the new portfolio of Arts Council clients from
April 2011 in the same way that the DCMS has given that certainty
to the major museums and galleries it funds directly. In the more
complex world of Arts Council decision making and partnership
funding the worthy ambition to give such certainty may not be
deliverable in practice and the `costs' of the attempt may actually
delay that certainty.
Were withdrawal of funding to one or more major
organisations to be mooted and were that decision to be appealed
and then—possibly—legally challenged, could the other
decisions stand whilst this process was underway? The same delay
might apply where changes in funding from partners forced a fundamental
review of programme and business model.
It seems that breathing an additional three
to six months into the "front end" of the process could
substantially enhance the possibility of achieving real early
planning certainty for organisations.
6. THE FUTURE
OF GRANTS
FOR THE
ARTS AND
"RESILIENCE"
Last year Grants for the Arts provided 2,795
awards totalling £64,900,000 across the country at an average
of £23,220. 35% of RFOs also benefited from Lottery funded
Grants for the Arts in addition to their core—Treasury funded—awards.
They have been asked in briefings to consider including replacement
for such funds (which will be inaccessible to National Portfolio
organisations in future) in their proposed core budgets for future
years.
If Local Government funding is the key to delivery
of the local arts and access agenda, then Grants for the Arts
is the essential funding source for artists and artist-led practice
and for the innovation "at the borders" that is essential
in any healthy arts or creative industry ecology.
If Lottery funding is to be made available to
NPOs, for a new capital scheme, for touring and for other new
"strategic streams" in the future, what level of funding
is likely to be available for Grants for the Arts?
Even with the increase in Lottery funding anticipated
by 2012 (16%) it seems probable that these new uses for the funds
will more than absorb that increase.
This, in turn suggests that there will be an
upper limit to Grants for the Arts awards introduced and—perhaps
a formal ban on what might be seen as "annual" or recurring
applications.
This likely outcome on the future of Grants
for the Arts and—for many small artist-led companies—the
loss of Creative Partnerships and Local Authority income will
force them to seek the protection of NPO status as—without
it—their prospects will be severely compromised.
As noted earlier, changes at local government
level are also likely to direct many other organisations whose
main public support previously came from these local sources,
supplemented by arts grants, to seek the same funding status as
this appears to be the only possible source of ongoing support
from the Arts Council.
It appears that government has given a clear
steer that the largest arts organisations should expect the same
treatment as their own directly funded portfolio of Museums and
Galleries—a 15% cut in funds by 2015. This would represent
a hugely favourable settlement in the context of much larger reductions
to the overall Arts Council budget. 67 of the largest organisations
(currently receiving more than £800,000 each—a total
of £200 million within the £319 million current RFO
group of 873 organisations) will have their funding levels determined
nationally under the new procedures.
Were that group of 67 to receive only a 15%
reduction to their overall Treasury-sourced resources, then the
funds available for the remaining 806 present RFOs (current totalling
£119 million) plus new applicants, and for determination
by Regional Councils, would be reduced indeed.
Resilient business plans for smaller specialist
arts organisations cannot be built on only occasional project
funding. Some measure of continuity of arts funding will be a
necessary part of any such sustainable business models. The Arts
Council Strategy does not appear to offer the realistic prospect
of such funding through either the National Portfolio Programme
or Grants for the Arts.
November 2010
ACHIEVING GREAT ART FOR EVERYONE? STILL HARD
FACTS TO SWALLOW
A preliminary scoping study on comparative investment
in front line arts organisations between London and the Regions
in the context of wider "cultural" public and private
expenditure on the arts and culture.
| On 4 November, Arts Council England published its "Strategy for a Decade" to achieve its Mission of "Great Art for Everyone". On the same day it published the details of its new structures for funding and invited applications from all of its existing "Regularly Funded Organisations" and others to apply to the newly designated "National Portfolio Funding Programme". Applications are invited by 24 January 2011. The Arts Council intends to take decisions on funding levels for the new infrastructure of front line arts organisations across England to April 2015 by the end of March 2011. Consultation on the new strategy was conducted before the scale of government reductions in funding was known. It is also not known whether Regional analysis—such as that contained within this report—formed part of the strategy making process or informed the design of new funding structures. This preliminary scoping study using newly available data returns to the methodology of the Policy Study Institute report of 1982 which revealed the differentials in Arts Council investment levels between London (and London with its hinterland) and the rest of the country. An Arts Council report for the CSR in 2006-07 reaffirmed these disparities. Our research suggests that the differentials may have increased substantially. The numbers provide their own challenges on the extent to which this new Strategy and the funding decisions that are intended to be made in March 2011 to achieve it will address these existing imbalances in the new financial circumstances of 2010. Experience suggests that—without intervention by interests beyond London—the situation will worsen. The researchers acknowledge that a further level of analysis is required to complete "due diligence" but believe that the report can be treated—at this stage—as "authoritatively indicative" and robust enough to inform policy thinking. Peter Stark & Christopher Gordon 6 November 2010
|
| Commentary | Key facts
|
1. This report is written with full acknowledgement of the critical roles of London as an "alpha" global city, as the nation's capital, as a key attractor of international tourism and as a supercharger for the creative industries.
2. Such acknowledgement, however, does not lead us to believe that the current disposition of resources between London and the rest of England is defensible as a basis for national cultural policy. We argue for a capital city that "irrigates not drains" (Lord Bragg) and for the determined development of cultural strength in the major cities beyond the expanding metropolis.
3. We acknowledge that Global Cities require Global cultural assets to maintain their competitive edge. We do not accept that such resources should only be located in London and treated as differently as they are.
4. (Almost?) all of the major national cultural organisations based in London receive 100% of their public funding from the DCMS or ACE directly (Almost?) all of the nationally important cultural organisations beyond the capital are required to raise match funding from local government.
5. The four best funded National Museums in London receive more funding (£161 million) than all of the "front line" arts organisations in the country outside London, combined (£151 million). The total funding for all of the "front line" arts organisations in every region outside London (excluding the RSC) is less than the single grant to the Royal Opera House (£26.3 million).
6. In 1982 the PSI study "Hard Fact to Swallow" found Arts Council expenditure in London in 1980-81 to be £3.37 php against £0.66 php (19.6%) in the rest of England. In 30 years of steadily increasing public and Lottery funding and rhetoric of regional development the situation is worse. For 2011/12 the comparator is London £21.92 php against £3.44 php (15.7%).
The Arts Council's new strategy to achieve "Great Art for Everyone" within a decade must embrace and target the whole of England. London dominance at the current levels can no longer be acceptable.
| — Arts Council England (ACE) grants to its 842 "front line", Regularly Funded Organisations (RFOs) in 2011-12 will total £319 million. 53% of this expenditure is on London organisations and the average size of grants to them is £609,000 against an average in the rest of the country of £266,260.
— ACE grants to RFOs in London produce a return of £21.92 per head of population (php) against an average for the rest of the country of £3.44 (16%). If the South East (SE) is taken with London the £php is £11.33 against £3.87 (34%).
— DCMS directly funded "front line" cultural organisations will receive £409 million in 2011-12. Of this we estimate that at least £371 million (91%) benefits London directly (Appendix 2).
— Adding DCMS and ACE spending on the "front line" produces total grants of £728 million in 2011-12 of which £540 million (74%) is London based, a return of £70.36 php to London against an average in the rest of the country of £4.31 php.
— Lottery grants in the Arts and Heritage since 1995 total £6,536 million. Of this £2,003 million (31%) has been awarded in London. This represents a return of £261.16 php in London against £103.51 php in the rest of the country.
— London has the lowest percentage of households in the country playing the Lottery (32% with NE at 56% highest) and their average spend is low (£4.20 with NE at £4.80 highest).
— Private sector sponsorship of the Arts (broadly defined) is estimated at £450 million in London (76%) against £139 million across the whole of the rest of England.
|
Table 1
ARTS COUNCIL ENGLAND (ACE) PLANNED DIRECT SPENDING ON
FRONT LINE CULTURAL ORGANISATIONS FOR 2011-12
| Source | East
| East Midl's | London
| North East | North West
| South East | South West
| West Mid'ls | Yorkshire
| Totals |
| £ | £
| £ | £
| £ | £
| £ | £
| £ | £
|
| ACE RFO1 | 10,257,586 | 10,456,726
| 168,134,292 | 13,646,484 |
22,847,904 | 13,601,153 | 15,551,260
| 44,909,816 (6,294,674)2 38,615,142 |
25,724,757 | 325,129,978 (6,294,674)3 318,835,304
|
| No of RFOs | 34
| 55 | 276 | 70
| 108 | 53 | 77
| 63 | 106 | 842
|
| Average size | 302,000
| 190,000 | 609,000
| 195,000 | 212,000
| 257,000 | 202,000
| 612,939 | 242,686
| 378,664 |
| Population4 | 5,717,400
| 4,429,400 | 7,668,300 | 2,570,600
| 6,874,100 | 8,368,500 | 5,210.400
| 5,408,400 | 5,217,500 | 51,464,600
|
| £ph ACE RFO5 | 1.79 |
2.36 | 21.92 | 5.30
| 3.32 | 1.63 | 2.98
| 7.14 | 4.93 | 6.20
|
| £ph outside London |
| 3.446 | | |
| | |
|
| £ph for London and the SE7 |
| 11.33 | |
| | | |
|
| £ph outside London and SE |
| 3.87 | |
| | | |
|
1 Derived from the comprehensive list released by ACE on 26
October 2010 and reallocated to regions as per attached appendix
1.
2 Welsh National Opera is a National Company of Wales funded
to tour into England and incorrectly shown as an RFO attributed
to the West Midlands. It is excluded.
3 Welsh National Opera is a National Company of Wales funded
to tour into England and incorrectly shown as an RFO attributed
to the West Midlands. It is excluded.
4 On 27 May 2010 ONS released the 2008-based sub-national
population projections used here.
5 In addition to RFO funding ACE also made 2,490 awards totalling
£64,900,000 across England through its Grants for the Arts
programme in 2009-10 at an average grant size of £23,220.
No regional breakdown of this sum is available but it is thought
to be fairly evenly distributed against population.
6 These php figures use the National RFO total less the funding
provided to Welsh National Opera through the West Midlands.
7 London has historically argued that its wider catchment
must be taken into account in calculating its £ per head
benefit. A more sophisticated analysis would seek to add the Southern
part of the Eastern Region to this analysis as the effective "travel
to culture" catchment of the capital.
Table 2
ACE PLANNED DIRECT SPENDING (AS ABOVE) FOR 2011-12 SHOWING
NATIONAL COMPANIES SEPARATELY
| Source | East
| East Midl's | London
| North East | North West
| South East | South West
| West Mid'ls | Yorkshire
| Totals |
| £ | £
| £ | £
| £ | £
| £ | £
| £ | £
|
| ACE RFO | 10,257,586 | 10,456,726
| 168,134,292 | 13,646,484 |
22,847,904 | 13,601,153 | 15,551,260
| 44,909,816 | 25,724,757 |
325,129,978 |
| Less National Companies8 |
| | (80,978,347) |
| | | (14,831,195) (6,294,674)9
| | (95,809,542) (6,294,674) 10
| |
| ACE RFO excl National Cos | 10,257,586
| 10,456,726 | 87,155,945 |
13,646,484 | 22,847,904 | 13,601,153
| 15,551,260 | 23,783,947 |
25,724,757 | 223,025,762 |
| No of RFOs remaining | 34
| 55 | 272 | 70
| 108 | 53 | 77
| 62 | 106 | 837
|
| Average size | 302,000
| 190,000 | 320,426
| 195,000 | 212,000
| 257,000 | 202,000
| 383,612 | 242,686
| 266,458 |
| Population | 5,717,400
| 4,429,400 | 7,668,300 | 2,570,600
| 6,874,100 | 8,368,500 | 5,210.400
| 5,408,400 | 5,217,500 | 51,464,600
|
| £ph ACE RFO excl Nat. Cos | 1.79
| 2.36 | 11.36 | 5.30
| 3.32 | 1.63 | 2.98
| 4.40 | 4.93 | 4.33
|
8 The Royal Opera House, English National Opera, Royal National
Theatre, Royal Shakespeare Company and The South Bank Centre constitute
a distinct group of major clients within the Arts Council enjoying
a different order of funding (each receiving a grant 3 to 4 times
larger than any other client) and—until very recently—
separately identified within the Arts Council as "National"
clients. The PSI report addressed them as such. Only the RSC tours
to any significant extent (very substantially into London).
9 Welsh National Opera is a National Company of Wales funded
to tour into England and incorrectly shown as an RFO attributed
to the West Midlands. It is excluded.
10 Welsh National Opera is a National Company of Wales funded
to tour into England and incorrectly shown as an RFO attributed
to the West Midlands. It is excluded.
Table 3
DCMS DIRECT FUNDING OF "FRONT LINE" CULTURAL
ORGANISATIONS11—PRINCIPALLY "NATIONAL" MUSEUMS
+ THE POSITION WITH THE ADDITION OF ACE NATIONAL COMPANIES + WITH
THE ADDITION OF ALL ACE RFOs
| Source | East
| East Midl's | London
| North East | North West
| South East | South West
| West Mid'ls | Yorkshire
| Totals |
| Population | 5,717,400 | 4,429,400
| 7,668,300 | 2,570,600 | 6,874,100
| 8,368,500 | 5,210.400 | 5,408,400
| 5,217,500 | 51,464,600 |
| DCMS Direct12 | |
| 371,369,000 | | 29,494,000
| | 1,604,000 |
| 6,827,000 | 409,294,000 |
| £ph DCMS | |
| 48.43 | | 4.29
| | 0.30 | |
1.31 | 7.95 |
| + ACE Nat. Companies13 | |
| 80,978,347 | |
| | | 14,831,195
| | 95,809,542 |
| Total | | |
452,347,347 | | 29,494,000
| | 1,604,000 |
| 6,827,000 | 505,103,542 |
| £ph ACE Nat Cos. + direct DCMS |
| | 58.99 | |
4.29 | | 0.30 |
2.74 | 1.31 | 9.81
|
| + other ACE RFOs | 10,257,586
| 10,456,726 | 87,155,945 |
13,646,484 | 22,847,904 | 13,601,153
| 15,551,260 | 23,783,947 |
25,724,757 | 223,025,762 |
| Total DCMS direct + all ACE RFOss | 10,257,586
| 10,456,726 | 539,503,292 |
13,646,484 | 52,341,904 | 13,601,153
| 17,155,260 | 38,615,142 |
32,551,757 | 728,129,304 |
| £ph ACE RFO | 1.79 |
2.36 | 70.36 | 5.30
| 7.61 | 1.63 | 3.29
| 7.14 | 6.24 | 14.1
|
| £ph outside London |
| 4.31 | | |
| | |
|
11 The absence of £45.567,000 "Renaissance in the
Regions" funding from the regional analysis is regretted.
Despite every effort being made the figures are yet to be available.
12 As released by DCMS on 21st October with adjustments made
as per attached appendix 2. NB the allocation of funds from London
based institutions to their regional satellites is done as an
exceedingly rough estimate to indicate awareness of the existence
of these satellites.
13 The Royal Opera House, English National Opera, Royal National
Theatre, Royal Shakespeare Company and The South Bank Centre constitute
a distinct group of major clients within the Arts Council enjoying
a different order of funding (each receiving a grant 3 to 4 times
larger than any other client) and—until very recently—
separately identified within the Arts Council as "National"
clients. The PSI report addressed them as such. Only the RSC tours
to any significant extent (very substantially into London).
Table 4
TOTAL LOTTERY ARTS AND HERITAGE14 CULTURAL SPENDING FROM
1995—4 OCTOBER 2010 ANALYSED BY REGION
| Source | East
| East Midl's | London
| North East | North West
| South East | South West
| West Mid'ls | Yorkshire
|
| Population15 | 5,717,400 |
4,429,400 | 7,668,300 | 2,570,600
| 6,874,100 | 8,368,500 | 5,210.400
| 5,408,400 | 5,217,500 |
| | £ | £
| £ | £
| £ | £
| £ | £
| £ |
| ACE Lottery16 | 132,738,509
| 129,996,522 | 1,154,125,013 |
198,972,962 | 302,091,773 | 259,641,697
| 188,891,715 | 351,951,574 |
202,263,127 |
| No of awards17 | 3,055
| 3,394 | 10,740
| 3,446 | 5,653 |
6,296 | 4,684 | 4,938
| 5,001 |
| Average size | 43,450
| 38,301 | 107,460 | 57,740
| 54,439 | 41,239 | 40,327
| 71,274 | 40,445 |
| Heritage Lottery | 288,129,221
| 232,201,424 | 848,518,131 |
215,741,570 | 500,649,432 | 442,679,001
| 410,547,719 | 324,065,163 |
352,843,075 |
| No. of awards | 1,910 | 1,676
| 1,941 | 1,049 | 1,982
| 2,101 | 2,032 | 1,846
| 1,782 |
| Average size | 150,852 | 138,545
| 437,155 | 205,664 | 252,598
| 210,699 | 202,041 | 175,550
| 198,004 |
| ACE & HLF combined | 420,867,730
| 362,197,946 | 2,002,643,144 |
414,714,532 | 802,741,205 | 702,320,698
| 599,439,434 | 676,016,737 |
555,106,202 |
| £ph ACE | 23.21 | 29.35
| 150.51 | 77.40 | 43.95
| 31.02 | 36.26 | 65.07
| 38.77 |
| £ph H'tage | 50.40 |
52.42 | 110.65 | 83.93
| 72.83 | 52.90 | 78.79
| 59.92 | 67.62 |
| £ph together | 73.61 |
81.77 | 261.16 | 161.33
| 116.78 | 83.92 | 115.05
| 124.99 | 106.39 |
14 Funding from the Millennium Commission has been excluded
from the "cultural" category. Had it been included,
the London "skew" would have been increased.
15 On 27 May 2010 ONS released the 2008-based sub-national
population projections used here.
16 Source DCMS total awards at 4/10/2010 by ACE since 1995.
17 Source DCMS total awards at 4/10/2010 by ACE since 1995.
Table 5
HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE ON THE LOTTERY ANALYSED BY REGION18
| Source | East
| East Midl's | London
| North East | North West
| South East | South West
| West Mid'ls | Yorkshire
|
| % h'holds | 43 | 45
| 32 | 56 | 44 |
34 | 35 | 44 | 40
|
| Av £ pw | 4.40 | 4.50
| 4.20 | 4.80 | 4.20
| 4.10 | 4.50 | 4.50
| 3.50 |
Table 6
PRIVATE SECTOR SPONSORSHIP19
| Source | East
| London | North East
| North West | Midlands East & West
| South East | South West
| Yorkshire | Total
|
| Arts & Business | 16,000,000
| 450,000,000 | 12,000,000 |
18,000,000 | 19,000,000 | 40,000,000
| 17,000,000 | 17,000,000 |
589,000,000 |
| Percentage | |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | Totals
| % | |
| | | |
|
| London | | 450,000,000
| 76% | | |
| | |
|
| London and SE20 | 490,000,000
| 83% | | |
| | |
|
| Total outside London | 139,000,000
| 24% | | |
| | |
|
| Total outside London and the SE |
99,000,000 | 17% |
| | | |
| |
18 Source ONS Regional Trends 42 released 24/6/09 showing
% of households participating in each region and average weekly
spend per household.
19 Source. Arts and Business latest analysis. Note that Arts
and Business combine East and West Midland into a single "Midlands"
figureBusines.
20 London has historically argued that its wider catchment
must be taken into account in calculating its £ per head
benefit. A more sophisticated analysis would seek to add the Southern
part of the Eastern Region to this analysis as the effective "travel
to culture" catchment of the capital.
Maps of English Regions and London's immediate catchment
|
